Orofacial Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Syllabus for 2021-2022
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Course

DHYG-1201-001 Orofacial Anatomy, Histology and Embryology

Prerequisites

Course Description

The histology and embryology of oral tissues, gross anatomy of the head and neck, tooth morphology and individual tooth identification.

Student ResourcesStudent Resources Website

Department Expectations

Occupational License Disclaimer

Notice to Students enrolled in an educational program for preparation of issuance of certain occupational licenses:

Students enrolled in an educational program in preparation for obtaining certain occupational licenses are potentially ineligible for such license if the student has been convicted of an offense. For further information, please contact:

Melodie Graves
Justice Involved Advocate
Student Service Center 117
mgraves24@actx.edu
806-371-5995
Make appointment at https://melodiegraves.youcanbook.me

You can also contact the Legal Clinic, or the faculty member in charge of the educational program that you seek to enroll in. The further information you will receive will include notification to you of your right to request a criminal history evaluation letter from the licensing authority in order to clarify your particular situation.

Hours

(2 sem hrs; 1 lec, 4 lab)

Class Type

On Campus Course

Syllabus Information

Textbooks

Students are required to have the most current edition of textbooks.

1. Anatomy of Orofacial Structures., Richard W. Brand, Donald E. Isselhard; Elsevier Publishing Co., 8th Edition.

2. Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Margaret J. Fehrenbach, Tracy Popowics; Elsevier Publishing Co., 5th Edition.

3. Elsevier Evolve Adaptive Quizzing - All students MUST have access to Anatomy Adaptive Quizzing modules for this course. Access codes for Adaptive Quizzing are included in the book bundle purchased from the Amarillo College Bookstore.

    Recommended Course Resources

Any dental hygiene national board review book or card set.  Examples are Mosby’s or Saunders comprehensive review books and dental hygiene review card decks.

Supplies

Technical Skills and Requirements

Students will need access to a laptop, computer, or tablet for quizzes, tests, and assignments.

Students are requires to have regular, reliable access to a stable internet connection.

Students need to be proficient in sending and receiving emails with attachments, uploading documents, and participating on discussion boards.

Computers can break, servers can crash, and electric power can go out. It is your responsibility to identify solutions for unexpected catastrophes by thinking ahead about solutions to potential problems. Possible solutions for each of the above scenarios include using a friend or relative's computer and accessing a computer in one of the computer labs on campus. Students will be responsible for bringing their tablets or laptops to every class session. Please have the battery charged up and ready to go. Students will need to ensure that the Respondus Lockdown Browser has been installed on the computer.

Utilize CTL resources for technical help. CTL Student Help Center: (806) 371-5992 or ctlstudenthelp@actx.edu

Communication

The best way to contact me is through your student email in Blackboard. I will check my emails Monday-Friday first thing in the morning and throughout the day as time allows. I will respond to your email within 24 hours. I will answer emails sent over the weekend the following Monday morning. Please remember the use of netiquette when corresponding to faculty, staff, and peers.

Other Supplies

1. Library Card for AC and/or city library
2. Computer and Internet Access, Printer, Print Cartridges
3. Index cards, Paper, Pens, Markers
4. Additional Materials as Needed

Student Performance

Course Meeting Day and Time

        Wednesday     Lecture: 11:00 am - 12:00 pm (Jones Hall Room 110)

                                Lab: 1:00 pm - 5:00 pm (Jones Hall Room 110 or 136)

End-of-Course Outcomes

Identify the histological and embryological development of the orofacial structures; label the major structures of the head and neck; and compare and contrast various teeth including the crown and root morphology.

Participation and Instructor Help

Learning activities in this course are designed to enhance the understanding of concepts. As a student, you are expected to prepare in advance for these sessions and to participate in an appropriate manner. All students are considered mature enough to ask questions and seek help and assistance from faculty and encouraged to ask questions during class sessions.

Course Objectives

Book: Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy. Margaret J Fehrenbach, Tracy Popowics; Elsevier Publishing Co., 5th Edition.

Chapter 1: Face and Neck Regions

1. Define and pronounce all the key terms in this chapter.
2. Locate and identify the regions and associated surface landmarks of the face and neck on a diagram and on a patient.
3. Locate and identify the regions and associated surface landmarks of the neck on a diagram and a patient.
4. Integrate the clinical considerations for the surface anatomy of the face and neck into patient examination and care.

Chapter 2: Oral Cavity and Pharynx

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.

2. Locate and identify the divisions and associated surface landmarks of the oral cavity on a diagram and a patient. 

3. Integrate the clinical considerations for the surface anatomy of the oral cavity into patient examination and care.

4. Outline the divisions of the pharynx and identify them on a diagram.

5. Integrate the study of surface anatomy of the visible divisions of the pharynx into patient examination and care.

Chapter 3: Prenatal Development

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. Outline the preimplantation period, including the major events that occur during this first week of prenatal development.
3. Integrate a study of the preimplantation period of prenatal development into the development of the orofacial structures and the clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances associated with these structures.
4. Outline the second week of prenatal development during the embryonic period, including the major events that occur.
5. Outline the third week of prenatal development during the embryonic period, including the major events that occur.
6. Outline the fourth week of prenatal development during the embryonic period, including the major events that occur.
7. Integrate the study of the embryonic period of prenatal development into orofacial development and the clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances associated with these structures.
8. Outline the fetal period of prenatal development, including the major events that occur after the eighth week until birth within this period.
9. Identify the structures present during prenatal development on a diagram.
10. Integrate the study of the fetal period of prenatal development into orofacial development and the clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances associated with these structures.

Chapter 4: Face and Neck Development

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.

2. Outline the events that occur during facial development, describing each step in its formation.

3. Identify the structures present during facial development on a diagram.

4. Integrate the study of facial development into understanding the observed orofacial structures and the clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances of these structures.

5. Outline the events that occur during neck development, describing each step in its formation.

6. Identify the structures present during neck development on a diagram.

7. Integrate the study of neck development into understanding the observed orofacial structures and the clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances of these structures.

Chapter 5: Orofacial Development

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. Outline the events that occur during palatal development, describing each step of its formation.
3. Identify the structures present during palatal development on a diagram.
4. Integrate the study of palatal development into understanding the present structure and clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances involved in palatal development.
5. Outline the events that occur during nasal cavity and nasal septum development.
6. Identify the structures present during nasal cavity and nasal septum development on a diagram.
7. Integrate the study of nasal cavity and nasal septum development into understanding the present structure. 
8. Outline the events that occur during the tongue development, describing each step of its formation.
9. Identify the structures present during tongue development on a diagram..
10. Integrate the study of tongue development into understanding the present structure and the clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances involved in tongue development.

Chapter 6: Tooth Development and Eruption

1. Define and pronounce all the key terms in this chapter.
2. Outline the five stages of tooth development.
3. Integrate the study of tooth development into understanding the present tooth anatomy and the clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances. 
4. Outline the process of root development.
5. Integrate the study of root development into understanding the present tooth anatomy and the clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances.
6. Discuss periodontal ligament and alveolar process development.
7. Identify the structures present during tooth crown and root development as well as the periodontal ligament and alveolar process development on a diagram.
8. Outline the events that occur during tooth eruption.
9. Identify the structures present during tooth eruption on a diagram.
10. Integrate the study of tooth eruption into understanding the present tooth anatomy and the clinical considerations due to developmental disturbances. 

Chapter 7: Cells

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. Discuss cell properties and components, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions.
3. Identify the components of the cell on a diagram.
4. Outline the cell cycle, describing the phases of mitosis that are involved.
5. Describe the extracellular materials surrounding the cell and its intercellular junctions
6. Integrate the study of cell anatomy into the further study of dental histology.

Chapter 8: Basic Tissue

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. Discuss basic tissue properties.
3. Describe epithelium properties, including its histology, classification, regeneration, turnover, and repair.
4. Describe basement membrane properties, including its histology.
5. Integrate the study of the histology of both epithelium and the basement membrane into the further study of dental histology.
6. Discuss connective tissue properties, including its histology, classification, turnover, regeneration, and repair.
7. Describe specialized connective tissue properties.
8. Describe cartilage properties, histology, development, repair, and aging. 
9. Describe bone properties, histology, development, remodeling, repair, and aging. 
10. Describe blood properties, plasma, and blood components.
11. Integrate the study of the basic histology of connective tissue into understanding the clinical considerations of the orofacial region.
12. Describe muscle properties, classifications, and histology.
13. Describe nerve tissue properties and histology as well as the nervous system divisions.
14. Identify the components of each basic tissue on a diagram. 
15. Integrate the study of the histology of both muscle and nerve tissue into the further study of dental histology.

Chapter 9: Oral Mucosa

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. List and describe the types of oral mucosa, characterizing each type of epithelium associated with the oral cavity.
3. Discuss the clinical considerations for oral mucosa pathology, integrating it into patient care.
4. Identify the components of each type of oral mucosa on a diagram.
5. List and discuss the clinical correlations associated with the regional differences in the oral mucosa, integrating it into patient care.
6. Discuss tongue and lingual papillae properties as well as oral mucosa pigmentation and clinical considerations for each.
7. Discuss the turnover times for regions of the oral cavity and associated clinical correlations as well as repair and aging considerations, integrating into patient care.

Chapter 10: Gingival and Dentogingival Junctional Tissue

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. List and describe the properties of each type of gingival tissue.
3. Describe the histologic features of each type of gingival tissue and the clinical considerations for gingival tissue esthetics, integrating it into patient care.
4. Identify the components of each type of gingival tissue on a diagram.
5. Describe dentogingival junctional properties, histology, and development.
6. Identify the structure of the dentogingival junctional tissue on a diagram.
7. Discuss the clinical considerations for gingival tissue pathology, integrating it into patient care.
8. Discuss the turnover of the dentogingival junctional tissue and its clinical implications.

Chapter 11: Head and Neck Structures

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. Discuss gland properties.
3. Discuss salivary gland properties, including its histologic features and development as well as the clinical considerations concerning salivary gland pathology, integrating it into patient care.
4. Discuss thyroid gland properties, including its histologic features and development as well as the clinical considerations concerning thyroid gland pathology, integrating it into patient care.
5. Discuss properties of lymphatics, including the lymph nodes and intraoral tonsillar tissue, and the clinical considerations concerning lymphoid tissue pathology, integrating it into patient care.
6. Discuss the properties of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses as well as clinical considerations concerning each of them. integrating it into patient care.
7. Identify the components of head and neck structures on a diagram.

Chapter 14: Periodontium: Cementum, Alveolar Process, and the Periodontal Ligament

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. Give an overview of periodontium properties, including its components.
3. Identify each individual component of the periodon­tium on a diagram.
4. Discuss cementum properties and the clinical con­siderations with cementum structure, integrating it into patient care.
5. Discuss cementum development, histology, types, and repair as well as the clinical considerations for cementum pathology, integrating it into patient care.
6. Discuss the alveolar process properties, including jaw anatomy and histology.
7. Discuss the clinical considerations with the alveolar process, integrating it into patient care.
8. Describe the periodontal ligament properties.
9. Identify the fiber groups of the periodontal ligament on a diagram and discuss the functions assigned to each of them.
10. Discuss the clinical considerations for periodontal ligament pathology and repair, integrating it into patient care.

Chapter 15: Overview of Dentitions

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. Describe the two dentitions and the relationship to each other.
3. Recognize tooth types and outline the tooth numbering systems.
4. Assign the correct universal or international number for a tooth and its correct dentition period on a diagram or a skull and for a tooth model or a patient.
5. Define each dentition period and discuss the clinical considerations concerning each dentition period, integrating it into patient care.
6. Use the correct dental anatomy terminology and discuss the clinical considerations concerning tooth anatomy, integrating it into patient care.
7. Use the correct orientational tooth terms and discuss the clinical considerations concerning tooth surfaces, integrating it into patient care.
8. Identify tooth forms and discuss the clinical considerations concerning them, integrating it into patient care.

Chapter 18: Primary Dentition

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. Assign the correct name and universal number for each primary tooth on a diagram and a patient.
3. Demonstrate the correct location oof each primary tooth on a diagram and a patient.
4. Discuss primary teeth properties and the clinical considerations for primary dentition, integrating it into patient care.
5. Describe the general features of primary teeth and each primary tooth type as well as the specific features of each primary tooth.
6. Discuss the clinical considerations concerning primary molars, integrating it into patient care.

Chapter 20: Occlusion

1. Define and pronounce the key terms in this chapter.
2. Discuss occlusion and centric occlusion and its relationship to functional movements and patterns of the mandible.
3. Discuss arch form and the phases of arch development.
4. Describe dental curvatures and angulations.
5. Discuss centric relation, lateral and protrusive occlusions, and the mandibular rest position and how to achieve each of them on a skull, a dentition model, and a patient.
6. Demonstrate the movements of the mandible related to occlusion.
7. Discuss primary occlusion and the clinical considerations concerning it, integrating it into patient care.
8. Identify the key concepts of occlusion on a diagram, a dentition model, and a patient.
9. Discuss malocclusion and outline Angle classification and how it relates to patient care, including clinical considerations concerning parafunctional habits.
10. Identify on dentition models each division of Angle classification of malocclusion.
11. Demonstrate an initial occlusal evaluation on a patient and record findings.

Book: Anatomy of Orofacial Structures. Richard W. Brand, Donald E. Isselhard; Elsevier Publishing Co., 8th Edition.

Chapter 1: Oral Cavity

1. To describe the boundaries and subboundaries of the oral cavity and the structures in each area.
2. To define the terms vestibule, oral cavity proper, mucobuccal fold, frenum, alveolar mucosa, gingiva, exostoses, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis.
3. To define the landmarks in the floor of the mouth and the hard and soft palate and the structures that form them.
4. Apply the correct anatomical nomenclature during dental clinical procedures.

Chapter 12: Incisors  

1. To identify the particular anatomic features of incisors.
2. To compare maxillary central incisors with maxillary lateral incisors.
3. To compare maxillary incisors with their mandibular counterparts.
4. To identify an extracted incisor.
5. To recognize the normal and deviated anatomic forms of incisors.

Chapter 13: Canines

1. To understand the function of a canine in relation to its shape.
2. To understand the calcification and root completion schedules in relation to the eruption dates of canines.
3. To recognize the resemblance of canines too other anterior teeth.
4. To understand how canines are different from other anterior teeth.
5. To recognize how canines are similar to some premolar teeth.
6. To recognize and identify the anatomic structure and landmarks of the canine.
7. To compare maxillary and mandibular canines and identify each.

Chapter 14: Premolars          

1. To understand how development occurs through the formation and fusion of lobes. 
2. To understand how the form of a tooth relates to its ultimate function.
3. To recognize and name the pertinent dental anatomic form of each tooth, such as cusps, ridges, developmental grooves, triangular grooves, pits, and developmental depressions.
4. To discuss the major differences and similarities between maxillary first and second premolars.
5. To identify an extracted premolar as maxillary or mandibular, first or second, right or left.
6. To make comparisons between maxillary and mandibular premolars.
7. To compare mandibular first premolars with mandibular second premolars (development, shape, and diversities of anatomic form).
8. To describe briefly the various occlusal forms possible for a mandibular second premolar.

Chapter 15: Molars       

1. To understand the lobe formations of the crowns of molars.
2. To compare the formations of first, second, and third molars.
3. To understand the anchorage of the roots as resistance to forces of displacement.
4. To describe the details of the various molars.
5. To make comparisons among the various molars: maxillary and mandibular molars, as well as first, second, and third molars.
6. To identify each molar.

Chapter 20: Enamel, Dentin, and Pulp

1. To discuss the changes in the cells of the inner enamel epithelium (IEE) allowing them to become enamel forming cells.
2. To discuss the interrelationship between enamel formation and dentin formation.
3. To describe the role of the dental papilla in the formation of the enamel organ and the shaping of the crown.
4. To describe the properties of enamel and the makeup of the enamel rod.
5. To understand the keyhole shape of the enamel rod and the direction of the hydroxyapatite crystals in different areas of the cross section of the rod.
6. To define the following terms: striae of Retzius, hypoplastic enamel, hypocalcified enamel, enamel lamellae, enamel tuft, and enamel spindle.
7. To describe the properties and components of dentin.
8. To differentiate between primary, secondary, and reparative dentin.
9. To define the following terms: interglobular dentin, dead tracts, sclerotic dentin.
10. To describe the components and age-related changes of pulp.
11. To describe and classify pulp stones.

Chapter 26: Osteology of the Skull

1. To name the bones of the neurocranium and viscerocranium.
2. To identify the various bones and sutures as seen from the anterior, lateral, posterior, inferior, and interior views of the skull.
3. To name the openings, foramina, and canals as seen from the aforementioned views.
4. To describe the boundaries of the three canal fossae and what lies within them.
5. To describe the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone and their components.
6. To describe in detail the various parts and landmarks of the maxillae.
7. To describe in detail the various parts and landmarks of the mandible.
8. To describe where growth takes place in the maxillae and the mandible to allow for increase in arch length.

Chapter 28: Muscles of Mastication, Hyoid Muscles, and Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius Muscles

1. To describe the origin, insertion, action, and nerve and blood supply of the muscles of mastication.
2. To categorize the muscles according to their roles in elevation, depression, protrusion, retrusion, and lateral excursion of the mandible.
3. To describe the functions of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and their roles in referred pain to various areas, including the temporomandibular joint.
4. To name the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles and their roles in mandibular movement, swallowing, and phonation.

Chapter 29: Temporomandibular Joint

1. To diagram and label a sagittal section of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
2. To define the role of a synovial cavity.
3. To describe the two movements of the TMJ as the mouth opens and know where these movements take place.
4. To describe the role of the superior posterior elastic lamina, the inferior posterior collagenous lamina, and the superior and inferior heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle as the jaw goes through its various functional movements.
5. To define disc derangement, subluxation, bruxism, and TMJ sounds.
6. To discuss probable causes of TMJ pain.

Chapter 30: Muscles of Facial Expression

1. To name the various groupings or locations of the muscles of facial expression and their nerve innervations.
2. To describe the muscles of facial expression and their origins, insertions, and actions (not including the mouth).
3. To name all of the muscles surrounding the mouth and their origins, insertions, and actions.
4. To discuss the role of the buccinator muscle in mastication.

Chapter 32: Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage  

     1. To trace blood from the time it returns from the vena cava to the heart, out, and back until it returns again from the entire body.

     2. To trace blood supply from the heart to all areas of the oral cavity, including teeth.

     3. To trace venous drainage from teeth and oral cavity back to the heart.

     4. Define hematoma.

     5. To discuss the possible problems associated with a posterior superior alveolar injection. 

Chapter 34: Nervous System    

     1. To name the basic components of the nervous system.

     2. To describe the general makeup of a spinal nerve.

     3. To describe how a sensory impulse causes a motor response.

     4. To name the 12 cranial nerves and their general function.

     5. To describe the components and general fuction of the autonomic nervous system.

     6. To name the specific branches of the trigeminal nerve and which areas of the face, teeth, and oral cavityeach branch supplies.

     7. To describe the nerves and areas involved in general and special sensation of the tongue.

     8. To discuss the nerves and pathways involved in parasympathic innervation to major salivary glands.

Chapter 36: Anatomic Considerations of Local Anesthesia

     1. To understand the anatomy of the maxillary nerve as it relates to administration of local anesthesia.

     2. To understand the anatomy associated with mandibular blocks.

     3. To understand the different areas anesthetized by the maxillary and mandibular nerve blocks.

     4. To understand the major concerns associated with different local anesthetic nerve blocks.

     5. To understand the anatomic considerations during administration of local anesthesia.

     6. To understand the anatomy involved in infiltration, superperiosteal, and nerve block inject ions.

Students Rights and Responsibilities

Log in using the AC Connect Portal

In order to receive your AC Connect Email, you must log in through AC Connect at https://acconnect.actx.edu .

If you are an active staff or faculty member according to Human Resources, use "Exchange". All other students, use "AC Connect (Google) Email".

Expected Student Behavior

The Amarillo College Dental Hygiene Program has specific policies that apply to student conduct within the program. These policies may be implied or written. The course syllabi and the program manual are sources for specific student conduct policies for dental hygiene students at Amarillo College.

Grading Criteria

Course Requirements and Learning Activities

The due date and time for all assignments are indicated in the course calendar and related handouts. Students need to make note of these dates and times with consideration that late assignments will not be accepted and a zero will be issued for a late submission.

Assignments and Examinations

Each student is expected to be prepared for each class session and should read assignments, prepare class preparation assignments, and have a broad understanding of the material prior to class and be prepared to discuss topics covered in class. The classroom setting will include various teaching and learning methods to form a collaborative learning environment which will include some group work. Students will be called on to share their understanding of class session topics.

Class preparation assignments (homework) are to be completed before class. These Class Preparation Assignments will assist the student to understand the subject of the class session and will allow the information to be processed at a deeper level of memory. These assignments will be graded on a periodic basis and the student should print a copy of their assignment for each class session in preparation for grading.

The course will also consist of chapter tests, an examination on dental anatomy, quizzes/pretests, laboratory exercises, and a comprehensive final examination. Changes in the schedule of chapter tests will be announced approximately one week in advance. Quizzes/Pretests may or may not be announced in advance. Refer to the course calendar, class preparation assignments, and other uploaded materials to be covered in each class or lab period and the tentative examination dates. Also, please note the provisions of the Make-up Policy in this syllabus for missed examinations. Chapter tests and quizzes will be objective in nature (true/false, matching, and multiple-choice) with a few questions being subjective in nature (short answer, essay, and fill in the blank). The final examination will be entirely objective in nature and will test information for the entire course.     

Grading Criteria

The final course grade will be computed as follows:

The following grade scale applies through this course:

A = 93-100%

B = 83-92%

C = 75-82%

F = Below 75%                     

Note:  A grade of "D" is not possible in this course.

In order to pass the course, a student must achieve a final grade of 75% and meet all requirements for the course.

Amarillo College Tutoring for Success Policy

The Tutoring for Success Policy applies to any student whose grade performance falls below a minimum of 75% on any assigned assessment. The student will be required to complete mandatory remediation assigned by the course instructor. A student will receive a remediation ticket with the instructor keeping the duplicate copy. Students will be required to complete a hand-written adaptive quiz assignment or other assignment and turn it in the following week after being assigned. Remediation will not change the student's grade. The initial grade will stand. The purpose of remediation is to strengthen the content area the student failed.

Make-up Policy for Missed Work

If a student is absent on the day when a major examination is given, the student may make up the missed work as follows:

1. It is the responsibility of the student to make arrangements with the instructor within 24 hours of returning from the absence to reschedule the examination.

2. The missed work must be made up within TWO Amarillo College school days where the day ends at 4:00 pm.

3. The makeup work may earn a maximum of 80% of the original point value.

Attendance

"Regular attendance is necessary for satisfactory achievement. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the student to attend class in accordance with the requirements of the course as established by the instructor." (Amarillo College Student's Rights and Responsibilities Publication). Absences are monitored and evaluated to determine the student's final course grade. A student with less than 90% attendance in class or lab may fail the course. Student absenteeism jeopardizes the completion of the course. The instructor will take roll for each class and note absences for each student. Students who are not present for roll call are counted absent. Students must report any anticipated class/lab absence to the instructor. A student who leaves class or lab early is counted absent. A student will receive one bonus point to the final grade for perfect attendance with a prior passing minimum average of 75%.

Calendar

Additional Information

The Amarillo College Catalog

The Amarillo College Academic Catalog can be viewed at:  http://catalog.actx.edu.

https://www.actx.edu/resources/